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Conserving the Past for the Future
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Conserving the Past for the Future

A Conservation Tour

Hours of Queen Isabella the Catholic, Queen of Spain: The Effects of Light on Medieval Manuscripts


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The Medieval Palette

Manuscript illuminators used a wide range of colorants (pigments and dyes), many of which were unstable under exposure to light.

Inorganic pigments include: calcium carbonate white, lead white, carbon blacks, ultra marine (lapis lazuli), azurite, vermilion, red lead, iron oxide red, copper resinate green, malachite, orpiment, iron oxide yellow, silver, and gold. Inorganic pigments tend to be very stable under light.

Organic pigments are colorants derived from plant and animal sources. Colorants made from organic dyestuffs include blues from turnsole and indigo; organic reds from kermes, brazilwood, and lac; various vegetal greens; and yellows made from yellow berries such as weld and buckthorn berry. Organic colorants, pigments, and dyes, are generally regarded as unstable under light.


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